baking powder 1 tsp 1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar
buttermilk 1 cup 1 Tbsp lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup OR 1 cup yogurt
corn syrup (light) 1 cup 1 1/4 cups white sugar plus cup water OR 1 cup honey
corn syrup (dark) 1 cup 3/4 cup light corn syrup plus 1/4 cup molasses
half-and-half 1 cup 1 cup milk plus 1 Tbsp butter
cream (heavy) 1 cup 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter
cake flour 1 cup 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 Tbsp
fresh herbs 1 Tbsp 1 tsp dried herbs
ketchup 1 cup 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt
mayonnaise 1 cup 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt
molasses 1 cup 3/4 cup brown sugar plus 1 tsp cream of tartar
white sugar 1 cup 1 1/4 cup powdered sugar OR 3/4 cup honey OR  3/4 cup light corn syrup
shortening 1 cup 1 cup unsalted butter OR 1 cup margarine minus 1 tsp salt (fromrecipe)
sour cream 1 cup 1 cup plain yogurt OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter
vinegar 1 tsp 1 tsp lemon or lime juice OR 2 tsp white wine
shallots 1/2 cup 1/2 cup red onion OR 1/2 cup green onion

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